Half life

 Today you will work on the concept of "Half Life"  and you will be given a worksheet.  If you missed the class, then this youtube video explains the same concepts that we went over in class.  The answer key is found here under 7.2 

How Hot is Our School?

PURPOSE:

Today is forecast to be a very hot day.  Our purpose in our experiment today is to take data on the temperature of our school by photographing calibrated thermometers

Procedure:

1. Write a hypothesis on the areas of the school which are predicted to be hotter than other areas.  What factors contribute to heat gain in these areas?   Which areas are predicted to be cooler areas?  Measure both outdoor and indoor areas.  For example, if you are outdoors, sample areas of shade, north, south, east west exposure, on concrete or on grass.  If you are indoors, sample areas with windows or blinds open, closed, sample different floors, occupancy, etc.

2.   Quantitative data: Decide on 10 areas of the school to sample. Photograph your thermometer and note the time and location.   

3. Qualitative data:  Besides observing the temperature, time and location, note how you feel in the area.  Does the location feel like a hotspot? Is it comfortable?  Is it uncomfortable?

Results:

Create a powerpoint to record the photograph of your thermometer and note the location and time and your qualitative observations. 

Conclusion:

1. Was your hypothesis correct? 

2. What areas of the school had the highest temperatures and lowest temperatures?  

3. What factors influenced the temperatures in these locations?

4.  What areas of the school can be repurposed as an in school cooling area?  

Calculating Einstein's Equation

  In the nuclear reaction shown, a neutron (moving with negligible kinetic energy) hits a Uranium-235 nucleus. The resulting unstable nucleus  undergoes fission into Krypton-92, Barium-141, and three neutrons.

Data:
Uranium-235 mass: 390.300x10^-27 kg
Krypton-92 mass: 152.647x10^-27 kg
Barium-141 mass: 233.994x10^-27 kg
Neutron mass: 1.675x10^-27 kg

a) What is the total mass of the pieces going into the reaction?
b) What is the total mass of the pieces coming out of the reaction?

Calculate the mass difference 

Now plug in the difference into Einstein's equation

Fusion and Fission

 Here are the Fusion and Fission notes 

I gave you a worksheet called 7.3 Nuclear Reactions, the answer key to that is here

There is also the Radioactive unit exam study guide  and Answer key 

Here is the powerpoint on the nuclear bomb

introduction to Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Watch these two introductory videos on Fission and Fusion.  The Teacher will review the worksheet on Fission and Fusion and go over examples. You can practice these questions. 

That Dress! and the science of perception

 

There is a very interesting dress. It has caused major arguments!  This dress causes your cells in your retinas to perceive it to be certain colours depending on the state of your retinas. Of course your genes determine what your retinas are like...but also your retinas change over time too!  

Your perception is also based on whether you think this dress is in shadow or light...Try this, 

 I would like you to ask  20 people you know "What colours do you see on this dress:  Is it :  

A. GOLD AND WHITE 

B.  BLACK AND BLUE

C.  GOLD AND BLUE

D.  NONE OF THE ABOVE...THEN what colour is it?  

What are the characteristics of the people who are more likely to say that it is any of the choices above?   

Remember you can poll people without meeting face to face. Ask a variety of people including old, young, male, female...put your results on a table and hypothesize why people see different colours

  

sex linkage

  SEX LINKED GENES

In the following post, I will refer to the term  "male" and "female".  This refers to people with male sex organs or people with female sex organs.  People with these organs can identify with a diverse range of gender such as:

Man, woman, nonbinary. This gender identify is not presumed by the presence of male or female sex organs

They might also identify as

LGBTQ2S++

The following descriptions are biological descriptions refer to 

male= has male sex organs like testes, producing male gametes such as sperm

female= has female sex organs like ovaries, producing female gametes such as  eggs. 

The sex chromosomes are XX and XY in humans. Some alleles are located on the X chromosome. But very few on the Y chromosome.  Remember that people who are  females have the genotype XX and people who are males have XY.

The Y chromosome carries very little information, only enough to influence the embryo on the path towards male primary and secondary characteristics.

Meanwhile, many RECESSIVE ALLELES are located on the X chromosome, including
1. hemophilia, the inability to clot blood
2. colourblindness inability to tell the difference between red and green colour
3.  baldness

These characteristics are far more common in people with male sex organs  than people with female sex organs because  people with male organs have only one X. And if that X contains the recessive allele, they will show the phenotype.  Meanwhile,people with  female organs may have the recessive and their dominant genes on their other X will protect them.  For example

An example of using a punnet square to calculate probability is here:

Some things to note about sex linkage:  Signs of sex linked alleles are:
1. more genotypic males get the phenotype, but genotypic females can be carriers
2.  males can inherit from mother but not father (because males get their X from mom)
3.  genotypic females have an extra X and this protects them.  Females must be homozygous to show the sex linked phenotype.
Further reading on sex linkage here http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pigeons/sexlinkage/


FYI if you were born a male and you want to know if you're colourblind:  Test yourself here: But careful, if you are a genetically male, you might find out you are colour blind!  Apparently most people find out they are colourblind from their science teacher ! 

 

Colour blind test

Basic practice worksheet going over main concepts

Worksheet B

Blood lab

ASSIGNMENT

Make a clear, drawing of the following specimens (below).  Colour your drawing and label it.  You should view this under high power on a light microscope.  Use a petri dish to draw the circle for your specimen.  

1. MAKE 3 DRAWINGS 

2. write a paragraph describing what you learned about human blood groups. 

3.  Examine Bird blood OR FISH blood OR frog blood.  How are these samples different from human blood?  Are fish erythrocytes more similar to bird or human?  Can you write a hypothesis to explain the similarity or difference? 

Rubrik: 25 marks

A drawing consisting of at least 3 circles including all the specimens below: 10 marks

the drawing is labeled: 5 marks

The drawing is done carefully, and not rushed

 in colour and ink: 5 marks

You answer the queestions above  5 marks

NOTES

Human blood smear can have the following types of blood:

a red blood cell is an erythrocyte.  This erythrocyte may exhibit the antigens

A, B or Rh factor. A neutrophil and a monocyte are types of white blood cell that can "eat" foreign microbes.  A platelet is a blood protein that is used for clotting blood. 

chicken blood slide:  

Sickle cells :  These red blood cells are shaped like sickles 

bird blood

Genetics Work on May 14th

1.  Finish the Pon Farr Assignment from TEAMS 

2.  Review the lesson on Human Blood Groups 

3.   the Try these Genetics Practice Questions. to get ready for a quiz next week on Wednesday 

BLOCK 2-3 needs to do the lesson on Human Blood groups. Block 2-4 ought to finish Pon Farr 

codominance and human blood groups

 get ready for a quiz on this material next wednesday

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS NEED TO MATCH THE DONOR BLOOD WITH RECIPIENT BLOOD SO THAT THE RECIPIENT WON'T MAKE ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE BLOOD DONATION

You have heard that blood type is important for blood transfusions. That is because the immune system will always attack foreign protein.  Surface proteins on cells and microbes are called ANTIGENS.  Your immune system will generate ANTIBODIES to fight antigens .  Antigens cause foreign cells to agglutinate so they can be "eaten" by white blood cells (opsonization) 

BESIDES A and  B ANTIGENS, your blood cells can also have Rh Factor antigens

When blood is rejected, it undergoes "AGGLUTINATION", this is when blood clumps up into blood clots.  

Anyone with NO RH factor will reject a donation from RH+ blood:

People with RH factor have Rh positive blood.   Type A+ has A proteins and Rh proteins. 

People who are:

type A+ can receive Type A-, A+ and O+ and O- blood

type B+ can receive type B-, B+ and O+ and O- blood

type AB+ can receive ALL TYPES OF BLOOD 

type O+ can only receive O+  and O- blood 

People who are:

Type A- can receive A-, O- blood

Type B- can receive B-, O- blood

Type AB- can receive A-,B-, O- blood 

Type O-  can only receive O- blood BUT YOU CAN DONATE O- TO ALL BLOOD TYPES

You can practice giving the right kind of blood on this website 

https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/

HUMAN BLOOD GROUP GENETICS 

The Alleles that make the human blood group antigens are codominant: 

A is codominant to B
A is dominant over O
B is dominant over O

Possible genotypes:

heterozygous AB blood gives both type A protein and type  B protein on the erythrocytes.

homozygous AA gives blood type A  protein on the erythrocytes
homozygous BB is blood type B protein on the erythrocytes

Heterozygous AO is gives blood type A
Heterozygous BO is blood type B

homozygous recessive OO gives blood type O .

There is  neither A or B on erythrocytes.

Blood type is heritable and that means you can sometimes deduce genotype by looking at phenotype. Here is a sample question:

GENETICS OF RH FACTOR 

Rh factor is the dominant trait.  If you assign Rh=R then 

Rh+. is   RR or Rr

Rh - is rr

Pon Farr 2025

 

VULCANS are a logical species where emotions play no role in producing offspring.  All offspring are the result of in vitro fertilization. They form no attachments with their mates. Unfortunately Vulcan was destroyed by a Romulan enemy.  All Vulcans must now do their duty by helping to repopulate their species. 

Purpose:  To find some vulcans in our very own Starfleet Academy (teachers from our school) and interview them.  Record their phenotypes and write their genotypes, revealed by the interviews and bios. 

In the class ,  calculate the probability of certain traits using a punnet

Square.  

 Create test crosses where the vulcans make  4 kids per PAIR    of Vulcans.

Keep track of the genotype of each kid.  By the end of the activity, there will be 16 kids. 

Method:

these are the  Genotypes for the following traits:

Dominant trait                            recessive trait

Earlobe attachment EE, or Ee.    unattached  ee

Tongue rolling TT or Tt              no tongue rolling tt

Cleft chin   CC or Cc                  no cleft cc

Widow’s peak WW or Ww.          straight hairline ww                    

Natural curl. NN.         straight hair nn.          wavy Nn       

Dimples DD or Dd            no dimples. dd

Righty RR   or Rr.          lefty rr

Freckles FF  or Ff           no freckles ff

Blood type.  AA  or Ao 

                    BB or Bo

                    AB 

                    oo 

internal ovaries  XX       internal testes XY.  

 

(NOTE THAT internal organs do NOT determine Gender identity)

METHOD 

1.  Find VULCANS in our school and write down their phenotype for each trait. If they have the DOMINANT TRAIT like Freckles, you can assign them a genotype to determine whether they are Ff or FF 

a. person 1 Phenotypes:

    person 1 Genotypes

b. person 2 Phenotype

    person 2 Genotypes

c.  person 3 Phenotype

     person 3 genotypes

etc

    

For each mate you have draw the punnet squares  representing

 each trait and

calculate the Probability of each trait and show your punnet square.

C  CREATE TEST CROSSES TO GENERATE 4 OFFSPRING FOR 4 PAIRS OF VULCAN PARENTS.

DRAW THEIR HYPOTHETICAL OFFSPRING 

EXAMPLE:

Dd is DENNIS

dd is Pocky

We want to know what happens when DENNIS mates with Pocky:

step 1:

make DENNIS's allele cards

D card and d card =Dd

make Pocky's allele cards

D card and d card = dd

step 2

To make an offspring, place the  DENNIS D and d card face down and randomly choose one. 

place the Pocky cards face down and randomly choose one. 

step 3: What offspring did you get?  DRAW A PICTURE OF THEIR OFFSPRING 

WRITE A REPORT ON PON FARR ACCORDING TO YOUR TEAMS ASSIGNMENT

introduction to Genetics

 Watch my introduction to Genetics video and make notes on it. 

Intro to Genetics ASSIGNMENT /40 marks 
Answer these questions on this worksheet  on A SEPARATE PAPER  in ink, or TYPED. ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES.  

In addition, write down your phenotype for the following characteristics 

Write down your phenotype for the following characteristics:

Earlobe attachment EE, or Ee.    unattached  ee

Tongue rolling TT or Tt              no tongue rolling tt

Cleft chin   CC or Cc                  no cleft cc

Widow’s peak WW or Ww.          straight hairline ww                    

Natural curl. NN.         straight hair nn.          wavy Nn       

Dimples DD or Dd            no dimples. dd

Righty RR   or Rr.          lefty rr

Freckles FF  or Ff           no freckles ff

internal ovaries  XX       internal testes XY