Co-dominance and human blood groups

 What if the heterozygous trait exhibited codominance?  in this case, two alleles can code for co-dominant traits.  That is, neither is dominant over the other.  Blood type is an example of this:

A is codominant to B
A is dominant over O
B is dominant over O

Possible genotypes:

heterozygous AB blood gives both type A protein and type  B protein on the erythrocytes.

homozygous AA gives blood type A  protein on the erythrocytes
homozygous BB is blood type B protein on the erythrocytes

Heterozygous AO is gives blood type A
Heterozygous BO is blood type B

homozygous recessive OO gives blood type O .

There is  neither A or B on erythrocytes.

You have heard that blood type is important for blood transfusions. That is because the immune system will always attack an unknown protein.  Thus

type A person can receive  type A blood, and will reject type B blood

type B person can receive type B blood and will reject type A blood.

type AB person can receive type A blood and Type B blood

Type O person can receive nobody's blood except from another type O

Everyone can receive type O, No-one can receive type AB

Blood type is heritable and that means you can sometimes deduce genotype by looking at phenotype. Here is a sample question:

Genetics intro: How to draw punnet squares and calculate probability

Watch my introduction to Genetics video and make notes on it. Note that there is an important correction in the video:  

CORRECTION: I would like to clarify that  the gender identity " girl" or "boy" does not necessarily correspond to the genotypes XX and XY.  Someone with female gametes  and genotype XX can be: a trans man, a cis woman, a nonbinary person or an agender person.  Also genotype XY can be: a trans woman, a cis man, a nonbinary person or an agender person.  There is one section of the video where I refer to a "girl" as xx and a "boy as xy.  This is incorrect.

Dominant and recessive traits

 these are the  Genotypes for the following traits:

Dominant trait                            recessive trait

Earlobe attachment EE, or Ee.    unattached  ee

Tongue rolling TT or Tt              no tongue rolling tt

Cleft chin   CC or Cc                  no cleft cc

Widow’s peak WW or Ww.          straight hairline ww                    

Natural curl. NN.         straight hair nn.          wavy Nn       

Dimples DD or Dd            no dimples. dd

Righty RR   or Rr.          lefty rr

Freckles FF  or Ff           no freckles ff

Blood type.  AA  or Ao 

                    BB or Bo

                    AB 

                    oo 

internal ovaries  XX       internal testes XY.  

 

(NOTE THAT internal organs do NOT determine Gender identity)

Mitosis Review

 Although you studied mitosis and meiosis last year, it is worth a look again to make sure you have all the steps down correctly.  It will help you to understand our next unit which is Genetics.  This video explains how alleles are connected to the steps of mitosis and meiosis.  I also assume this is familiar from last year.

Your teacher will review these steps, explaining some of the complex parts and  give you time to answer the questions.  Next, your teacher will review the answers to the questions.  After this you will do a creative assignment to demonstrate that you understand this material.  

Please watch this video


Answer the following questions on your own paper and hand this in. 

 Answer in full sentences and draw your answers.  Draw in ink or photograph a model using lego, string or other material

1.  What is Chromatin?  How many strands are there in a human?
2.  How many chromatids are there in a human?
3.  What is the 2n  or diploid number?
4.  What is mitosis used for?
5.  What is meiosis used for?
6.  Define "Gamete"
7.  What is the Haploid number?
8.  What organ makes sperm, what makes egg?
9.  How many chromatids are in a sperm or egg?
10 Draw a fertilization
11.  Draw how sperm cells are made using the number 46 to represent the chromatid number.
12.  Draw and label Chromatin, Chromatid, Sister chromatids, Chromosome.  And show me a homologous chromosome
13.    Draw a mitosis with 2n= 6.  Label the stages in detail. Remember to draw Interphase and show chromatins.
14.  Draw a meiois with 2n=6.   Label the stages.
Again, draw interphase and show the chromatin.
15a. Why does crossing over happen during prophase I?
15b.  What is primary nondisjunction.  What can happen to the chromatid number?

16.  The word chromosome is very tricky it's true definition is:

1 chromosome = 2 identical sister chromatids joined together in a centromere,
What is the other definition and why can it be a very tricky word?

17.  Write the steps of meiosis and mitosis side by side.   (this is at the end of the video)

You can also take a look at this resource.  It is meiosis and mitosis from a college level text book.  This is extended reading for those who are interested in going through biology.  I think many of you can actually handle this level.

DNA replication

 Watch all three videos on DNA replication.   Start with my lecture video. Your online quiz on friday will include this content! 

This DNA replication Song was made by my students in 2007.  They were grade 11 students taking my bio 12 course.  Their music teacher is the same as your band teacher now.

Assignment : Answer the following questions in a creative format

1. Why does DNA replication happen?  Give three reasons
2. a. Draw a nucleotide and identify the 5' end and the 3' end
    b. draw a DNA ladder structure and label the 5' and 3 ' end

3.  Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
a.  What are they made of?
b. What are their nitrogen bases?
c.  What enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA?
d.  How does DNA polymerase join one nucleotide with another nucleotide?

4.  What are the main steps of DNA Replication.  Include details of what each enzyme does
a.  Helicase
b. Primase
c. DNA pol III
d.  exonuclease
e. DNA pol I
f. ligase

5.  In what direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?
6.  How is the lead strand different from the lag strand?
7.  What is an okazaki fragment?

DNA notes

 Watch my videos on DNA, review the concepts in the slides below  and use class time to complete the assignments which are due on Friday.  

Here is another video from youtube which explains these concepts in more detail.





Assignment - 15 points

SUMMARIZE THE MAIN POINTS OF DNA NOTES 10 points

A. Summarize the main points of the DNA notes AND the DNA slide show in a Cartoon Format and make a clear photo of this cartoon.  upload your assignment in Microsoft Teams.   Include the details about Watson and Crick and Franklin.

EVALUATION rubric
10 points:  You included all the main points in a colourful, creative format which is written in ink and coloured.  You used humour and creativity and your assignment stands out for showing an understanding of the key points

8-9 :  you include all the main points and you show excellence and creativity. your assignment is in colour and inked

5-7 :  you include most of the main points and your assignment is handed in. It is a good start and  You needed more time to finish this.

2-4:  you handed something in that was not quite complete, although it is a pretty good start

You may do Assignment 3 Aas a poem that rhymes if you don't want to draw.

3B.  take a picture of  your drawing of this worksheet filled out: You may redraw it or edit it in Paint.
5 points

Half Life Problem

A meteor  lands in Vancouver right on a grocery store located here on April 29 at around 12AM in the morning....There is an explosion of dumplings and frozen dim sum ....

The meteor fragment makes a huge crater 50 ft deep and in the rubble, you notice there are layers of shells. Amongst the shells there is the mystery specimen which I have shown you in class.  

Questions: 

1. What is the likely identity of the object?

2.  Where did it come from?

3.  How old is this sample?  It contains 78% of the ng of Carbon-14 compared to any living sample 

4.  Where is the location of the crater? What First Nations Territory is this area of the lower mainland?  

https://native-land.ca/

5.  How might this sample have ended up here? 

When you answer these questions, give the EVIDENCE for your answers. 

Answer this question in form of a word document or a power point. You may work in a group. Please put references as the last page of your assignment. 

55-60/60

You answer the questions in paragraph form with illustrations (photos or drawings). Your reasoning is logical. You provide evidence for your conclusions.  You write clearly and your argument is communicated well.

40-55/60

You answer the questions in paragraph form with illustrations (photos or drawings). Your reasoning is logical. You provide evidence for your conclusions.  Your argument is good and could use a little more evidence

35-40

You answer the questions in sentences and you have photos and drawings. You provide little evidence for your conclusions

0-30

This is an excellent start, but you need more time to complete this project.